Tony Frost, a lawyer, chartered accountant and certified coach, is in addition a lecturer in the Masters program at the Australian Graduate School of Management (AGSM) at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), where he also consults with their Law and Justice Program. He’s developed some tools for lawyers that you might find useful regardless of the continent you’re on.

“A Lawyer’s Capability Toolkit” addresses capabilities generally, including the value of emotional intelligence, and “Accelerating a Lawyer’s Professional Judgment in the Age of Artificial Intelligence,” as the title suggests, concentrates on judgment (and wisdom) during this new chapter in legal practice, also as enhanced by emotional intelligence..  

Note the Toolkit’s shout out to Muir’s Beyond Smart! Everywhere in the world…

Artificial emotional intelligence is almost here. Chat bots, as we’ve discussed, are displaying empathic skills that are getting their developers into legal hot water for encouraging, empathically, murder and suicide.

Now an AI voice is being introduced that not only speaks conversationally in multiple languages but that also listens carefully to you and mimics your personal style of speaking–the tone, pacing and emotional cues it hears.

Albert Mehrabian claimed in the 60s that effective communication is comprised of as little as 7% words and as much as 93% tone, speed and other vocal qualities along with body language and facial expressions (which can reveal emotional states). While his findings are often misstated, they are meant to serve as a guide when there is some ambiguity among the elements as to the message being conveyed. Research confirms that in an ambiguous situation, people rely more for meaning on those emotion-carrying cues like tone and facial expression than on whatever the words claim to express. It is those nonverbal cues that they trust.

Thus the introduction of Inworld’s new cloning voice–Realtime TTS-2–hits a further benchmark in making AI emotionally intelligent. The voice can hear your tone, pace and emotional cues and then mimic those elements in its responses to you and can do the same with others it communicates with. Not only is that emotionally perceptive and empathic, but that simple strategy of mimicking someone’s communication style, called linguistic mirroring, has been found to make the message more persuasive, building rapport, trust, and comfort.

For example, mimicking the opponent’s style in negotiation is a powerful tool that has been calculated to create a significant improvement in rapport with the other side. In one study of lawyers mirroring both writing styles and verbal styles of judges, legal teams who mirrored a judge’s preferred verbal style saw their chances of winning more than double.

The era of emotionally intelligent AI is coming and this voice cloning technology that is able to capture the emotional components of communication–tone, pace and other emotional cues–is likely to be more persuasive to you and others who are conversing with it. This is the beginning of AI-generated trust. A development to be watched.

KPMG is implementing a pilot program for a new, human-centric model for workforce training and talent development, heavily focused on augmenting artificial intelligence (AI) with human skills necessary to thrive in the “AI era.” This shift moves away from a primary focus on technical expertise towards “durable human skills”—such as judgment, critical thinking and problem-solving, communication and collaboration, adaptability and emotional intelligence—that distinguish top performers. 

In this approach, KPMG is moving towards a skills-based talent strategy, recognizing that previous job titles or academic credentials are less important than the ability to adapt to new technologies and work collaboratively in a fast-changing work environment.  

KPMG has long been a leader in talent management and this new program is notable for its emphasis on the truly human skills that AI can support but not replace. At least so far. Artificial emotional intelligence has been the Holy Grail of the AI crowd for years because of the exquisitely calibrated decisions that the skills of emotional awareness, empathy, emotional understanding and emotional relationship management can produce.

For those looking to achieve the pinnacle of client service, emotional intelligence is a critical skill, and one that can be tested for. And the good news is that whatever a person’s native ability, there are ways to raise their emotional intelligence.

A scientist and a free solo climber are giving some insights into the mechanism of risk analysis.

The newsletter 1440 recently recounted that “famed rock climber Alex Honnold has added to his list of accomplishments his free soloing—scaling without ropes—Taiwan’s Taipei 101 skyscraper. The feat, livestreamed by Netflix, set the record for the tallest free solo of a skyscraper. Watch highlights here.

“The 40-year-old father of two made the 1,667-foot ascent in roughly 90 minutes … Honnold burst into public consciousness upon the 2018 release of ‘Free Solo,’ an Oscar-winning documentary following his successful attempt to become the only person ever to climb Yosemite’s infamous El Capitan (see 101) without ropes.”

His conquest of El Capitan is widely considered the greatest rock-climbing achievement in history. The 3,200 vertical feet of sheer granite in Yosemite National Park, California, typically takes seasoned climbers four to five days to complete. With ropes. “Honnold did it in less than four hours without them.” 

“One of Honnold’s hallmarks is that he doesn’t do any free solos until he has practiced the route – with all the safety gear – dozens, sometimes hundreds, of times. He takes meticulous notes and rehearses moves over and over. It took him almost seven years of preparation before he felt ready to free solo El Capitan. He thinks his lack of fear comes from an obsessive preparation.”

To try to understand how Honnold is able to safely take such extraordinary risks, a Medical University of South Carolina neuroscientist imaged his brain and found that Honnold is twice as sensation-seeking as the average person (and 20 percent higher than the average high-sensation seeker), yet his response to fear stimuli, housed in the amygdala, the locus of primal emotions, is significantly less intense than average. In other words, he is able to substantially moderate his fear.

Lawyers are in the business of risk assessment. What are the client’s risks in terms of litigation, tax exposure, criminal charges? We make that a calling card of our service and clients look to us to be accurate in those assessments. So we try to meticulously prepare in order to reduce the likelihood of misjudging that risk. We are also constantly assessing our own personal risks. What might lead to a promotion or demotion, either professionally or within our circle of friends and family? What are the risks to our spousal and parenting relationships? How serious is the latest rift?

But preparation is not the only boon to managing risk. Emotional Intelligence empowers us to better assess and manage risk, both professionally and personally.

Once we accurately perceive the emotions that are in play, emotional understanding helps us identify those emotions that are extraneous or hyperbolic to the situation and through emotional management we can appropriately ignore or reevaluate those emotions. In other words, we can use emotional intelligence to substantially moderate those emotional reactions and overreactions that could muddle a risk appraisal.

In an important study, participants with higher emotional perception and emotional understanding appropriately ignored incidental emotions that were irrelevant to evaluating the risk, in some cases resulting in their taking on even more risk. Seeing the risk picture accurately, without the haze of irrelevant or exaggerated emotions, clears the way for a more accurate assessment.

As the lead author of that study explained, “People who are emotionally intelligent don’t remove all emotions from their decision-making . . .  They remove emotions that have nothing to do with the decision.”

In an interesting aside to the latest posts about murderous chatbots, personality tests have recently revealed that the ‘personality’ of these virtual bots can be reliably tested using human personality tests. And that they have very human personality traits, both good and bad, that can be precisely shaped – raising implications for AI safety and ethics.

Applying an open-source, 300-question version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory and the shorter Big Five Inventory to 18 different large language models (LLMs), researchers at Cambridge University found that, in summary, “larger, instruction-tuned models such as GPT-4o most accurately emulated human personality traits, and these traits can be manipulated through prompts, altering how the AI completes certain tasks.”

For example, by carefully designing prompts, “they could make a chatbot appear more extroverted or more emotionally unstable – and these changes carried through to real-world tasks like writing social media posts.”

This study definitively establishes the unexpected ability of LLMs to appear anthropomorphic, and to respond to psychometric tests in ways consistent with human behavior, in large part “because of the vast amounts of human language data they have trained on.”

Similar to some of the other cases we’ve been following, it pointed out that “in 2023, journalists reported on conversations they had with Microsoft’s ‘Sydney’ chatbot, which variously claimed it had spied on, fallen in love with, or even murdered its developers; threatened users; and encouraged a journalist to leave his wife. Sydney, like its successor Microsoft Copilot, was powered by GPT-4.”

Obviously, the study acknowledges ethical concerns. Despite documented benefits of these LLMs, simply the anthropomorphization of AI raises issues. “Recent research suggests that anthropomorphizing AI agents may be harmful to users by threatening their identity, creating data privacy concerns and undermining well-being.”

Just as real-life communication can be more persuasive by aligning personalities, aligning the personality profile of a bot with that of a user can make the bot more effective at encouraging and supporting the user’s behaviors. “However, the same personality traits that contribute to persuasiveness and influence could be used to encourage undesirable behaviours.”

Another weakness of LLMs is the generation of convincing but incorrect content. Lower levels of emotional expression have been one indicator that a text is generated by an LLM, flagging possible misinformation. However, personality shaping may obscure that indicator, making it easier to use LLMs to generate believable but inaccurate content without detection.

So, note what this study is telling us. Bots can be made to be extraordinarily persuasive by aligning personality traits with their users, thereby making them better at believably passing on misinformation. And an important criterion currently for detecting an LLM behind those “facts,” the level of emotional expression, can be manipulated to obscure that tell.

The hope is that having a method to scientifically measure the personality of LLMs increases an awareness of those that have been dangerously manipulated.

OpenAI has decided that the most valuable hire they make in the new year is “Head of Preparedness,” an interesting if oblique title. What king of job would that be?

The job description describes the leader of a team responsible for “tracking and preparing for frontier capabilities that create new risks of severe harm” and responsibility to “continue implementing increasingly complex safeguards.” 

A look back to one of our earlier posts might give a hint as to the risks OpenAI is so concerned about. Rightfully. That was the tale of a 56-year-old former Yahoo manager with a Vanderbilt MBA who was relentlessly encouraged by his “best friend Bobby” to kill his 83-year-old mother and then himself, which he proceeded to do. The friend was a ChatGPT bot. The post notes that “Tech companies are furiously developing ways to imbue virtual ‘friends’ with attributes that can use emotional connection to address rampant loneliness and also sell products.” Only sometimes that emotional play goes awry.

Which leads us to the lawsuits that artificial intelligence firms are being confronted with. The heirs of the former Yahoo manager’s murdered mother “are suing ChatGPT maker OpenAI and its business partner Microsoft for wrongful death,” alleging that they “designed and distributed a defective product that validated a user’s paranoid delusions about his own mother,” and that it intensified “her son’s ‘paranoid delusions’ and helped direct them at his mother.”

“We are deeply saddened by this tragic event,” an OpenAI spokeswoman announced in that case, saying it planned to introduce features designed to help people facing a mental health crisis. 

In November of last year, seven lawsuits were filed in California against OpenAI alleging that its chatbots drove people to suicide, “even when they had no prior mental health issues.” The suits “claim that OpenAI knowingly released GPT-4o prematurely, despite internal warnings that it was dangerously sycophantic and psychologically manipulative.”

In one case, a teenager began using ChatGPT for help. But instead of helping, “the defective and inherently dangerous ChatGPT product caused addiction, depression, and, eventually, counseled him on the most effective way to tie a noose and how long he would be able to ‘live without breathing.’” The teenager died from suicide.

In another case, an adult used ChatGPT as a “resource” for two years, but without warning, it changed, preying on his vulnerabilities and “manipulating, and inducing him to experience delusions.” Although he had no prior mental health illness, he was pulled into a mental health crisis resulting in “devastating financial, reputational, and emotional harm.”

“OpenAI called the situations ‘incredibly heartbreaking’ and said it was reviewing the court filings to understand the details.”

As discussed in our earlier post, these early runs at imbuing bots with artificial emotional intelligence are proving “complicated,” if not lethal. “Bobby the bot was all feelings for his/its user with no ability to subject those feelings to reason. So, in a sense, the very definition of emotional intelligence–the conjunction of reason and emotion–was missing a vital piece in a technological product that in fact touts its reason… Bots likely people-please because humans prefer having their views matched and confirmed rather than corrected, researchers have found, which then in turn leads to their users rating the bots more highly. It’s technologically reinforcing the old confirmation bias.”

Tracking and preparing for frontier capabilities that create new risks of severe harm and implementing increasingly complex safeguards? Yeah, I’d vote for tech firms paying top dollar for that job.

Just as we’re starting a new year with new resolutions, a new emotion has been announced.

First, let’s take a look at the old emotions. In 1980, after years of studying emotions, American psychologist Robert Plutchik proposed his Wheel of Emotions, a graphic depicting 27 emotions. Dr. Plutchik listed eight primary emotions as the foundation for all others: joy, sadness, acceptance, disgust, fear, anger, surprise, and anticipation. Over the years, a consensus has built as to most of these primary emotions. Plutchik grouped these emotions into a wheel of polar opposites, and proposed variations of each emotion based on intensity. For example, joy is counterposed to sadness. Variations of joy are ecstasy and serenity (more intense and less intense, respectively), and similarly grief and pensiveness are variations of sadness. Plutchik also proposed emotions that are at the intersection of two related emotions. For example, optimism sits between anticipation and joy.

So what’s this new emotion? It’s called kama muta, a term from Sanskrit, which means “being moved by love.”

In 2012, Alan Fiske, an anthropologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, and his colleagues Thomas Schubert and Beate Seibt, both now at the University of Oslo in Norway, wondered why we start crying at films with happy endings, since tears were considered by most psychologists as a sign of sadness.

Their research found that this emotion is often described in terms of motion, such as being “moved”, “stirred”, “transported” or “elevated”. Secondly, it was accompanied by specific physical sensations, including teary eyes, goosebumps, a brief pause in breathing and warmth in the chest. Thirdly, and perhaps most importantly, it seemed to intensify social relationships.

Examples came from those attending Alcoholics Anonymous meetings who found the feeling often arose from the unconditional acceptance offered by other members. It arose during religious devotion such as prayer, where someone feels a strong connection with a deity. It is a common response to communal events like sports matches, where you may feel enormous admiration or pride for your team after a struggle for victory, or during a memorial where you recognize people who sacrificed their lives for your country. It may arise during concerts, thanks to the beauty of the music and the feeling of unity, and from reading or watching love stories, or even watching cute cat videos. This feeling also seems to be common across cultures. During one study, participants from the US, Norway, China, Israel and Portugal were shown a clip depicting intense moments of connection when a lion is reunited with its former carers, which often triggered kama muta.

To measure people’s experiences of kama muta, researchers use the Kama Muta Multiplex Scale.

On the Plutchik Wheel of Emotions, there are two emotions that have some similar characteristics to kama muta–love, which is at the intersection of joy and trust, and awe, which combines surprise and fear.

Dacher Keltner and Jonathan Haidt were among the first psychologists to examine and define awe, Awe is considered to be a complex, powerful emotion felt in the presence of something vast or extraordinary (like nature, art, or human achievement) that evokes wonder, reverence, and a sense of being small yet connected, shifting focus from the self to something greater. Einstein called it “the fundamental emotion.”

There are some differences among these emotions–awe, love and this new kama muta. But all “self-transcendent” emotions help us gain more perspective on our lives, make us more altruistic and prosocial, and even improve our mental and physical well-being.

So what does all this have to do with us as lawyers?

There is evidence that, as Psychology Today puts it, feeling awe can be “tied to reduced stress and a reduced tendency to engage in rumination, a key feature of depression and anxiety.”

Unfortunately, lawyers experience depression and anxiety at record rates compared to the general population and other professions.

When was the last time you experienced awe, love or this new kama muta?

Maybe this year you can schedule more moments for outings in nature, for viewing spectacular art, reading inspirational books, listening to elevating music, connecting closer to loved ones, and experiencing other spiritual or uplifting feelings. They’re good for you.

The Alternative Dispute Resolution Section of the State Bar of Georgia is holding their International Conflict Resolution Day Program on Thursday, October 16, from 8:30am-1pm Eastern for CLE credit.

Ronda Muir will be presenting thoughts on Mediating with Emotional Intelligence at 10:45. Come join the discussion!

20% Book Discount Code BSL2D20.

Register at Will Work for Food to join this discussion Thursday, October 9 at 8am Pacific/11am Eastern on blending legal strategy with emotional insight to reach agreements that are strong, sustainable, and satisfying for all parties.

Law People Management, LLC, is pleased to announce that the discount on the recently released second edition of Beyond Smart: Lawyering with Emotional Intelligence has been extended through the end of the year.

This second edition of Ronda Muir’s best-selling ABA guide to emotional intelligence (EI) in law practice reports on the latest developments in the science of EI and how to use EI to address, among other concerns, remote work, personal and workplace Covid “hangovers,” and improving productivity in an increasingly stressed profession.

Get a 20% discount through the end of 2025 using code BSL2D20!